Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coats of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. ... Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the Popes up until the 16th century, and the ...
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Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor. Coat of arms of Maximilian II ... during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. ...
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Holy Roman Emperors: Information from Answers.com
HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS ( including dates of reign ) Saxon dynasty Otto I, 936-73 Otto II, 973-83 Otto III, 983-1002 Henry II, 1002-24 Salian or
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Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor: Biography from Answers.com
Frederick III Frederick III (1415-1493), Holy Roman emperor and German king from 1440 to 1493, was one of the longer-reigning and weaker of the
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Charlemagne | King of the Franks | Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Lucidcafé's Profile of Charlemagne ... King of the Franks and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, 742 - 814 ... the south, the Roman Catholic church was ...
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Category:Holy Roman Emperors - Wikimedia Commons
Category:Holy Roman Emperors. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository ... Coronations of Holy Roman Emperors (2 C, 13 F) ...
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Luminarium Encyclopedia: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
... V, Holy Roman Emperor ... CHARLES V, Roman Emperor and (as Charles) King of Spain, was ... pope and council, for the Roman emperor could not set up a ...
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Holy Roman Empire, The
Originated with the coronation of Otto I in 962 and endured until Francis II renounced his imperial title in 1806. Features the role of the emperor and Reichstag, ...
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Category:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikimedia Commons
Category:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository ... was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1792-1806) and (as Franz I) ...
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Holy Roman/Austrian Empires
Holy Roman Emperors/Emperors of Austria ... (Emperor of Austria 1804; abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor 1806) Ferdinand I. 1793. 1835 ...
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from 1564 to 1576. The Emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of their authority

The Holy Roman Emperor (, ) was the elected monarchy ruling over the Holy Roman Empire, a Central European state in existence during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. By convention the first Emperor was taken to be the Franks king Charlemagne, crowned as Western Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800, although the Empire itself (as well as the style Holy Roman Emperor) did not come into use until some time later. Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the Popes up until the 16th century, and the last Emperor, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.

The Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480.

Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne's death in 814, his realm was eventually divided into three by his grandsons at the Treaty of Verdun of 843. The Western Francia would later become Kingdom of France, the Middle Francia Lotharingia or Lorraine, and the Eastern Francia Germany. The title of Emperor was held by several Carolingian Frankish monarchs until the ascension of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor of the East Francia, in 962. From this time onward, Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire, and its rulers, after being elected as Kingdom of Germany, would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. The last emperor to be crowned by the pope was Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; all emperors after him were technically emperors-elect, but were universally referred to as Emperor.

Conflict with the Papacy The title of Emperor (Imperator) carried with it an important role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church, and emperors were ordained as subdeacons of the Catholic Church (thus women were ineligible to be crowned). As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The most well-known and bitter conflict was that known as the Investiture Controversy fought during the 11th century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII.

Succession Successions to the kingship were controlled by a complicated mélange of factors. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet, the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations). The Prince-elector was set at seven princes (three archbishops and four secular princes) by the Golden Bull of 1356. It remained so until 1648, when the settlement of the Thirty Years' War required the addition of a new elector to maintain the precarious balance between Protestant and Catholic factions in the Empire. Another elector was added in 1690, and the whole college was reshuffled in 1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.

After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of one Wittelsbach, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1508, and permanently after 1556, the King no longer traveled to Rome for the crowning by the Pope.

List of Emperors This list includes all emperors from Charlemagne, including Emperors-Elect. The numeration of Emperors follows that of the King of Germany; thus, there are some gaps in the tally. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor; Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor was numbered as his successor as German King. The Guideschi follow the numeration for the Duchy of Spoleto.

Carolingian Dynasty

House of Guideschi

Carolingian Dynasty

Ottonian (Saxon) Dynasty

Salian (Frankish) Dynasty

Supplinburger dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen dynasty)

House of Welf

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen dynasty)

House of Luxembourg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Luxembourg

House of Habsburg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Coronation The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally, though not always, performed by the Pope in Rome, using the Imperial Regalia. Before 1508, a king, though elected and exercising all the powers of the Emperor, could not call himself by that title. In 1508, Pope Julius II conceded to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor the right to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans by election". Other than Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, all succeeding Emperors availed themselves of the right to use the title without going to Rome for coronation. Even before 1530, coronations were somewhat rare phenomena, and several were not performed by a generally recognized Pope at all.

{|class="wikitable"! Emperor! Coronation date! Officiant! Location|-| Charlemagne| 25 December 800| Pope Leo III| 816| [Pope Stephen V| 5 April 823| [Pope Paschal I| 850| [Pope Leo IV| 29 December 875| rowspan="2"|[Pope John VIII| 12 February 881||-| [Guy III of Spoleto| May 891| Pope Stephen V| 30 April 892| rowspan="2"|[Pope Formosus| 22 February 896| Rome|-| [Louis the Blind| 901| Pope Benedict IV| December 915| [Pope John X| 2 February, 962| [Pope John XII| 25 December, 967| [Pope John XIII| 21 May, 996| [Pope Gregory V| 14 February, 1014| [Pope Benedict VIII| 26 March, 1027| [Pope John XIX| 25 December, 1046| [Pope Clement II| 31 March, 1084| [Antipope Clement III| 13 April, 1111| [Pope Paschal II| 23 March, 1117| [Antipope Gregory VIII| 4 June, 1133| [Pope Innocent II|-| [Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor| 18 June, 1155| Pope Adrian IV| 14 April, 1191| [Pope Celestine III| 4 October, 1209| [Pope Innocent III| 22 November 1220| [Pope Honorius III| 29 June 1312| Cardinals||-| [Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor| 17 January 1328| Sciarra Colonna| 5 April, 1355| Cardinal||-| [Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor| 31 May, 1433| [Pope Eugenius IV| 19 March, 1452| [Pope Nicholas V| February 1530| [Pope Clement VII, Italy|}

See also

References



Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Holy Roman Emperor (German: Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser, Latin: Romanorum Imperator) was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states ...

List of German monarchs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy in 1918.

The genealogical tree of Otto I Holy Roman Emperor
Otto I, the Great (912-973), was the first emperor of what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire. He followed his father, Henry I, as king of Germany in 936.

The genealogical tree of Otto II Holy Roman Emperor (973 - 983)
Otto II (955-983) was emperor from 973 to 983. He followed his father's example and tried to keep power over Lombardy, Burgundy, Germany, and the Slavic borderlands.

Charles III "Le Simple" Holy Roman Emperor
Charles III ... Charles III "Le Simple" Holy Roman Emperor 1. Born: 17 Sep 879; Marriage (1)

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459-1519), Holy Roman Emperor 1493 ...
National Portrait Gallery, list of portraits for Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor including The Emperor Maximilian studying the Science of Music by Hans Burgkmair, Maximilian I ...

Holy Roman Emperor - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Holy Roman ...
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Holy Roman Emperor. Holy Roman Emperor. Information about Holy Roman Emperor in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. holy roman emperor frederick ii

Holy Roman Empire
Emperors & Empress of . The Holy Roman Empire. The list below is a list of all the Emperors & Empress of The Holy Roman Empire in my family tree ...

Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor)
Holy Roman Emperor from 1619, when he succeeded his uncle Matthias; king of Bohemia from 1617 and of Hungary from 1618

Frederick II (1194 - 1250), German King, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (1194 - 1250), German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily, was one of the most interesting characters in history.





 
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